THE first article on Protofour gave brief details of the studies leading to its introduction. It will be recalled that in the tabulation of small scale railway modelling requirements, five cardinal rules were given for the attainment of reliable running. These were:

1. Both wheel and rail contours must be of the correct pattern for the standards used.

2. Wheel spacing on the axle (BB) must be correct.

3. Track Gauge (TG) must not be less than the nominal value and should include a gauge widening factor for curved track.

4. Check Gauge (CG) measured from the face of the check rail to the face of the outer running rail, must not be less than the nominal value.

5. Crossing Flangeway (CE) between the vee and the wing rails of a crossing, must be the specified value.

Of these five rules, the first is of great importance, as the balance of the remaining dimensions depends upon the contour of the wheel and the rail head with which it comes into contact. In this article it is proposed to examine wheel charactenstics in greater detail.

British Rail is currently running test vehicles fitted with a modified tread and flange contour which is claimed to give better riding and less wear than the standard contour, though it does not differ greatly from that used over the last century. It is interesting to note, too, that all prototype wheels, for standard or narrow gauge, have generally similar shape, size and flange contour. The British rail and wheel contours are laid down in the British Standard Specifications, to which all manufacturers must adhere. Unfortunately, in the model field there is no specification of the wheel and rail contours, apart from a few general dimensions. The result of this can be seen in the accompanying photographs of model wheel sections; as all of these are intended for 4mm scale operations, it requires little imagination to realise why model operations can be less than reliable on occasions.

To be able to design successful model wheels, it is necessary to discover the factors which affect wheel performance, and then to apply them. To find these factors it is necessary to examine the parts of the wheel and to determine their functions.

The wheel tread carries the weight of the vehicle, and is generally a flat surface. Except for the flangeless driving wheels of certain locomotives, the tread is coned at 1:20 and tapers into the flange. The coning is introduced to give a centreing tendency to the wheel pair, as any displacement from the neutral running position alters the effective diameters of the wheel pair so that there is tracking towards the neutral position once more. The rail is inclined at the same angle as the coning to give even wear of the rail and tread surfaces.

Flange and Flange Contour

The purpose of the wheel flange is to limit the sideways displacement of the wheel pair. This it does smoothly and effectively through a contour consisting of several radii, the most important one, between the tread and flange, matching the contour of the rail head.

As all these features are found in the prototype wheel tyre contour, it is logical to adopt a scaled version of this contour for modelling purposes, which has been done in the Protofour standards. However, as the wheel tyre contour controls the remainder of the settings for track, it is advisable to examine certain other aspects of running before accepting this thesis.

A viewpoint in model circles is that "narrow" wheels increase the incidence of derailments. Derailment owing to inadequate wheel width is possible in only two circumstances, namely; On plain track C where excessive gauge widening allows a wheel to fall between running rail faces. At crossings C where the wheel drops into the gap in front of the crossing nose.

The accompanying tables give an analysis of these situations.

Table 'A’ shows that on plain track, with the wheel pair fully deflected, the balance of dimensions is represented by TW + BB + EF versus TG.

Table 'B’ shows that at the nose of a crossing, a similar situation obtains, except that CF is added to TG.

Table 'C’ shows that the theoretical situation in 'B’ is modified in practice to give a balance represented by TW versus 2xCF.

Table 'D' shows that opposite the crossing the balance is represented by TW versus Check Flangeway, and is not critical.

In the prototype, the crossing flangeway is a fixed value in all conditions, and a spacing of 1¾in is maintained by bolting the rails together with spacing blocks, or fitting special chairs. The Check Flangeway, on the other hand, is a secondary dimension representing the difference between CG and TG at that particular location. As Table 'C' shows, Tyre width cannot be less than 2xCF, and the prototype wheel could therefore be as narrow as 3½in. Authority has prudently chosen a wheel 5in in tyre width, with locomotive tyres 5½in or more in width. For models, though, 2xCF is a minimum width, and if generous flangeways are the rule, an overscale wheel is the result.

Table 'E’ lists some settings used in modelling, and reveals certain critical situations. In '00’ Gauge, for example, the tolerance between wheel width and 2xCF is NIL (!) and '00' is supposed to be an easy scale to work to, on account of the wide flangeways; it is clear that unless the wing rails are perfectly aligned, there will be potential instability in running at the crossing nose. It is also clear that a tyre width of 2.5mm is mandatory for '00' operations, and American and Continental 'H0’ requires a tyre 2.7mm wide; in EM Gauge a 2.0mm wheel operates on the same reliability factor as '00'. As the prototype wheel is 5-5½in wide, the minimum width wheel in EM gauge is 10% overscale, in '00' it is more than 40% overscale, and in 'H0' 70% over-scale. This is the answer to those who claim that 'H0' is the ideal system for scale modelling. It has commercial potential owing to its wide acceptance, but is unsuitable for scale operations without modification of the wheel and track standards.

WHEEL TABLES 4MM SCALE	E. CLEARANCE *	00	EM	EM2	PROTO4	PROTOTYPE EQUIV.
	EF	.75	.75	.75	.40	.38
	BB	14.5	16.5	16.5	17.67	17.87
	TW	2.5	2.5	2.0	1.85	1.67
	TOTAL	17.75	19.75	19.25	19.92	19.92
	TG	16.5	18.0	18.0	18.83	18.83
	*	1.25	1.75	1.25	1.09	1.09
	EF+BB+TW	17.75	19.75	19.25	19.92	19.92
	TG	16.5	18.0	18.0	18,83	18.83
	CF	1.25	1.0	1.0	.68	.58
	TG+CF	17.75	19.0	19,0	19.51	19.41
	*	NIL	.75	.25	.41	.51
	TW	2.5	2.5	2.0	1.85	1.67
	2 x CF	2.5	2.0	2.0	1.36	1.16
	*	NIL	.5	NIL	.49	.51
	TW	2.5	2.5	2.0	1.85	1.67
	Check F	1.25	1.0	1.0	.78	.58
	*	1.25	1.5	1.0	1.07	1.09
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES			KEY::   TG:  Track Gauge
EF: Effective Flange,   BB: Back to Back,   TW:  Tyre Width,   CF: Crossing Flangeway

The "steamroller" wheels so beloved of our manufacturers are a result, as we have seen, of the insistence on deep flanges. The deep flange is considered essential to keep the vehicles on the tracks, owing to unevenness in the rail level. The prototype can also have some startling variations in rail level, which is why all prototype wheels are generously sprung. In modelling, for some obscure reason, it is almost impossible to find vehicles with adequately sprung suspension, though Peco, for instance, have made advances in this direction. This is a curious situation, as a simple spring arrangement is not a difficult matter, and a little downwards pressure on the wheel pair in an "Airfix" slotted axlebox would seem to be all that is required to remedy a source of constant trouble to modellers since models were first offered for sale back in Edwardian days.

Although pointed axles running in cupped bearings give the sweetest running to model wheels, it is rather difficult to incorporate pointed axles together with springing. For Prototour it has been decided to adopt a reduced diameter axle end, running in a slotted box, to allow the wheel to maintain constant contact with the rail.

British rolling stock is almost always fitted with outside axleboxes, and the solebars or bogie frames are usually spaced to give 6ft. clearance between inside faces. As wheel pairs measure approximately 5ft 4½in over faces, there is 7½in, or 2.5mm in 4mm scale, in which to arrange the axleguards. If a standard setting between axleguard faces of 23mm is adopted, there is room for 0.5mm axleguards, and every variation of 4mm scale wheels, to be fitted to any vehicle.

Prototype axles measure approximately 5½in diameter which is equivalent to 15 SWG, or 0.072in. For comparison, Nucro axles measure 0.075in, or Stubs Steel Wire Gauge No. 48; Continental axles are 2.0mm (0.079in) diameter and Tri-ang axles are 14 SWG, or 0.080in diameter.

An ideal size for 4mm scale axles is therefore 15 SWG. If this diameter obtains for 22mm length, all 4mm wheel systems can be accommodated within the 23mm axleguard spacing. If the ends of the axles to 26mm overall are reduced in diameter to 1mm (or 0.040in approx) it is possible to accommodate the wheel pair in slotted axleboxes, with the capability of removal when necessary without damage to the vehicle. It would also be a simple matter to adapt these axles to pinpoint operation.

A wheel pair suitable for scale model railway operations should exhibit the following characteristics:

1. Wheel tyre contour with rounded flange, and transition radius matching the running rail head radius. Tyre contour correctly proportioned for the scale in use.
2. Concentricity of tread and axle.
3. True running of tread; no 'wobble’ in vertical axis.
4. Electrical insulation of tyre from axle.
5. Correct BB spacing.
6. Wheel and spoke patterns correctly reproduced.
7. Reduced diameter of axle ends to reduce friction in the axlebox bearings.

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